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<title>Pyroprocessing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyroprocessing</span></span>

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<p><b>Pyroprocessing</b> (from <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> Πυρος = <i>fire</i>) is a process in which materials are subjected to high temperatures (typically over 800 °C) in order to bring about a chemical or physical change. Pyroprocessing includes such terms as <a href="Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">ore-roasting</a>, <a href="Calcination" title="Calcination">calcination</a> and <a href="Sintering" title="Sintering">sintering</a>. Equipment for pyroprocessing includes <a href="Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a>, <a href="Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnaces</a> and <a href="Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">reverberatory furnaces</a>.

</p><p>Cement manufacturing is a very common example of pyroprocessing. The raw material mix (raw meal) is fed to a kiln where pyroprocessing takes place. As with most industries, pyroprocessing is the most energy-intensive part of the industrial process.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recycling_used_nuclear_fuel_through_pyroprocessing">Recycling used nuclear fuel through pyroprocessing</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Nuclear_reprocessing#Pyroprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">Nuclear reprocessing § Pyroprocessing</a></div>

<p><a href="Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> pioneered the development of pyrochemical processing, or pyroprocessing, a high-temperature method of recycling reactor waste into fuel, demonstrating it paired with the <a href="EBR-II" class="mw-redirect" title="EBR-II">EBR-II</a> and then proposed commercializing it in the <a href="Integral_Fast_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral Fast Reactor">Integral Fast Reactor</a>. The latter was cancelled by the Clinton Administration in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-pyroprocessanl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pyroprocessanl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> researchers are developing and refining several pyroprocessing technologies for both light water and fast reactors, with most based on <a href="Electrorefining" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrorefining">electrorefining</a> rather than conventional wet-chemical/<a href="PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a>, to improve the technologies’ commercial viability by increasing their process efficiency and scalability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Animations of the processing technology are also available.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pyroprocessing of nuclear fuel rods, as an alternative to nuclear reprocessing, only attempts to combine separated plutonium with other, such as neptunium, americium, or curium. Theoretically, you could still reuse mixed, pyroprocessed plutonium to generate nuclear power, but it wouldn’t be pure enough for other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In South Korea due to the historical <a href="Section_123_Agreement" title="Section 123 Agreement">Section 123 Agreement</a> between ROK and the U.S,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neither enrichment nor PUREX related reprocessing were permitted, with researchers therefore increasingly viewing the "proliferation resistant" pyroprocessing cycle, as the solution for the nation's growing spent fuel inventory, in 2017 forming a collaboration with the U.S and Japan to advance the economics of the process.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, proponents of <a href="Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">molten salt reactor</a> (MSR) fuel cycles, frequently argue pairing the uncommercialized MSR with the pyroprocessing fuel cycle, as the MSR fuel is already in molten salt form, eliminating two process conversion steps, that of to-and-from metallic fuel, that both the commercially proposed IFR would have required and its antecedent physically demonstrated, when pyroprocessing was fielded in the <a href="EBR-II" class="mw-redirect" title="EBR-II">EBR-II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.anl.gov/nce/pyroprocessing/">"Pyroprocess Development"</a>. <a href="Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>. 6 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.anl.gov/mm/legacy/">Argonne’s Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy, Multimedia Resources, pg 2 <i>The New Explorers: Atoms for Peace (History of the Integral Fast Reactor) – 4 parts</i></a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBThTwFhRlA">"Historical video about the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) concept. Uploaded by – Nuclear Engineering at Argonne"</a>. <i><a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 3 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/cBThTwFhRlA">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-15.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/pyroprocessing-hot-button-issue">"Pyroprocessing: A Hot-Button Issue"</a>. <i>NRDC</i>. 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP-South-Korea-wins-revisions-to-nuclear-treaty-with-USA-2241501.html">"South Korea wins revisions to nuclear treaty with USA - World Nuclear News"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRileyMcFarlaneDelCulVienna2019" class="citation journal cs1">Riley, Brian J.; McFarlane, Joanna; DelCul, Guillermo D.; Vienna, John D.; Contescu, Cristian I.; Forsberg, Charles W. (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nucengdes.2019.02.002">"Molten salt reactor waste and effluent management strategies: A review"</a>. <i>Nuclear Engineering and Design</i>. <b>345</b>: <span class="nowrap">94–</span>109. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NuEnD.345...94R">2019NuEnD.345...94R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nucengdes.2019.02.002">10.1016/j.nucengdes.2019.02.002</a></span>. <a href="OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1495933">1495933</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117608596">117608596</a>.</cite></span>

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